Brain Stroke
A brain stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting enough oxygen and nutrients. This leads to brain cells dying within minutes. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic stroke, caused by a blockage in an artery, and hemorrhagic stroke, caused by a ruptured blood vessel. A transient ischemic attack (TIA), often called a mini-stroke, is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke.
Symptoms
Recognizing the symptoms of a stroke is crucial for timely treatment. The acronym FAST helps remember the signs:
- Face drooping: One side of the face may droop or become numb. When the person smiles, it appears uneven.
- Arm weakness: One arm may feel weak or numb. When both arms are raised, one arm may drift downward.
- Speech difficulty: Speech may be slurred, or the person may be unable to speak or be hard to understand.
- Time to call emergency services: If any of these symptoms are observed, it’s essential to call emergency services immediately.
Other symptoms can include sudden confusion, trouble seeing in one or both eyes, sudden dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, and a sudden severe headache with no known cause.
Treatment
Prompt treatment is critical to minimize brain damage and improve outcomes. Treatment depends on the type of stroke:
Ischemic stroke: The primary treatment goal is to restore blood flow to the brain. This can be done using clot-busting drugs such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which must be administered within a few hours of symptom onset. Mechanical thrombectomy, a procedure to physically remove the clot, is another option for certain patients.
Hemorrhagic stroke: Treatment focuses on controlling bleeding and reducing pressure in the brain. This may involve medications to control blood pressure, prevent seizures, or other complications. Surgery may be needed to repair blood vessel abnormalities or relieve pressure from bleeding.
Post-stroke rehabilitation: Recovery often involves rehabilitation to regain lost skills and manage any lasting effects. This can include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and psychological support.
Preventative measures, such as managing risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and regular exercise, are crucial in reducing the risk of stroke.

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